Creating a new classifier in CapyMOA

In this tutorial we show how simple it is to create a new learner in CapyMOA using Python.

• We choose to make an implementation of the canonical ensemble classifier Online Bagging (AKA OzaBag).

• The base learner is a CapyMOA object, which allows us to use either sklearn or MOA algorithms; so even though it will be all implemented in Python by us, it can be quite efficient in terms of run time as it depends on the base learner.

Reference: Online bagging and boosting. Oza, Nikunj C., and Stuart J. Russell. In International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 229-236. PMLR, 2001.

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More information about CapyMOA can be found at https://www.capymoa.org.

last update on 04/12/2025

Creating the classifier

• The first step is to extend the Classifier abstract class from capymoa.base and implement the required methods:

  • __init__(self, schema=None, random_seed=1, ...)

  • train(self, instance)

  • predict(self, instance)

  • predict_proba(self, instance)

• There is no need to pay much attention to the auxiliary function poisson, even though it is a defining characteristic of Online Bagging algorithm but not that relevant for our example.

• We specify the parameter base_learner_class as a class identifier and proceed to instantiate it inside the __init__ method:

    self.ensemble = []
    for i in range(self.ensemble_size): 
        self.ensemble.append(self.base_learner_class(schema=self.schema))

from collections import Counter

import numpy as np

from capymoa.base import Classifier
from capymoa.classifier import HoeffdingTree


# Online Bagging Implementation
class CustomOnlineBagging(Classifier):
    def __init__(
        self, schema=None, random_seed=1, ensemble_size=5, base_learner_class=None
    ):
        super().__init__(schema=schema, random_seed=random_seed)

        self.ensemble_size = ensemble_size
        self.base_learner_class = base_learner_class

        if self.base_learner_class is None:
            self.base_learner_class = HoeffdingTree

        self.ensemble = []
        for _ in range(self.ensemble_size):
            self.ensemble.append(self.base_learner_class(schema=self.schema))

    def __str__(self):
        return "CustomOnlineBagging"

    def train(self, instance):
        for i in range(self.ensemble_size):
            for _ in range(np.random.poisson(1.0)):
                self.ensemble[i].train(instance)

    def predict(self, instance):
        predictions = []
        for i in range(self.ensemble_size):
            predictions.append(self.ensemble[i].predict(instance))
        majority_vote = Counter(predictions)
        prediction = majority_vote.most_common(1)[0][0]
        return prediction

    def predict_proba(self, instance):
        probabilities = []
        for i in range(self.ensemble_size):
            classifier_proba = self.ensemble[i].predict_proba(instance)
            classifier_proba = classifier_proba / np.sum(classifier_proba)
            probabilities.append(classifier_proba)
        avg_proba = np.mean(probabilities, axis=0)
        return avg_proba

Evaluating the classifier

• We use the same approach as when we evaluate any other CapyMOA learner.

• We show how it is simple to use learners with different backends in our implementation, e.g.,

  • HoeffdingTree (MOA)

  • SGDClassifier (sklearn)

from capymoa.classifier import SGDClassifier
from capymoa.datasets import Electricity
from capymoa.evaluation import prequential_evaluation
from capymoa.evaluation.visualization import plot_windowed_results

elec_stream = Electricity()

# Creating a learner: using a hoeffding adaptive tree as the base learner
ob_ht = CustomOnlineBagging(
    schema=elec_stream.get_schema(), ensemble_size=5, base_learner_class=HoeffdingTree
)
ob_sgd = CustomOnlineBagging(
    schema=elec_stream.get_schema(), ensemble_size=5, base_learner_class=SGDClassifier
)

results_ob_ht = prequential_evaluation(
    stream=elec_stream, learner=ob_ht, window_size=4500
)
print(
    f"CustomOnlineBagging(HT) accuracy: {results_ob_ht.cumulative.accuracy()}, wallclock: {results_ob_ht.wallclock()}"
)
results_ob_sgd = prequential_evaluation(
    stream=elec_stream, learner=ob_ht, window_size=4500
)
print(
    f"CustomOnlineBagging(SGD) accuracy: {results_ob_sgd.cumulative.accuracy()}, wallclock: {results_ob_sgd.wallclock()}"
)

results_ob_ht.learner = "OB(HT)"
results_ob_sgd.learner = "OB(SGD)"
plot_windowed_results(results_ob_ht, results_ob_sgd, metric="accuracy")

CustomOnlineBagging(HT) accuracy: 82.57415254237289, wallclock: 5.563328981399536

CustomOnlineBagging(SGD) accuracy: 82.40863347457628, wallclock: 5.090241432189941

CustomOnlineBagging and OnlineBagging

• Testing and training our custom online bagging implementation alongside the online bagging implementation from capymoa.classifier.OnlineBagging.

%%time
from capymoa.classifier import OnlineBagging
from capymoa.datasets import RBFm_100k
from capymoa.evaluation import ClassificationEvaluator

RBFm_100k_stream = RBFm_100k()

# Creating a learner without specifying the base_learner thus HoeffdingTree is used
custom_ob = CustomOnlineBagging(schema=RBFm_100k_stream.get_schema(), ensemble_size=5)
capy_ob = OnlineBagging(schema=RBFm_100k_stream.get_schema(), ensemble_size=5)

custom_ob_evaluator = ClassificationEvaluator(schema=RBFm_100k_stream.get_schema())
capy_ob_evaluator = ClassificationEvaluator(schema=RBFm_100k_stream.get_schema())

while RBFm_100k_stream.has_more_instances():
    instance = RBFm_100k_stream.next_instance()

    prediction_new = custom_ob.predict(instance)
    prediction = capy_ob.predict(instance)

    custom_ob_evaluator.update(instance.y_index, prediction_new)
    capy_ob_evaluator.update(instance.y_index, prediction)

    custom_ob.train(instance)
    capy_ob.train(instance)

print(f"[custom] Online Bagging acc: {custom_ob_evaluator.accuracy()}")
print(f"[capymoa] Online Bagging acc: {capy_ob_evaluator.accuracy()}")

[custom] Online Bagging acc: 66.556
[capymoa] Online Bagging acc: 60.357000000000006
CPU times: user 20 s, sys: 106 ms, total: 20.1 s
Wall time: 18.4 s